98 Microsoft Excel

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Microsoft Excel 97

Copierea formulelor O foaie de lucru Excel contine de foarte multe ori aceleasi operati efectuate asupra coloanelor sau rândurilor. Pentru a nu scrie de mai multe ori o formula de acelasi tip aceasta se scrie o singura data si se copiaza în continuare. Pentru a întelege influenta copieri asupra adreselor celulelor din formula trebuie sa discutam mai întâi despre tipurile de referinte.

Referintele celulelor în formule sunt de mai multe feluri:

• Referintele absolute indica pozitia exacta a celulei in foaia de lucru. Notatia folosita pentru a specifica o referinta absoluta contine caracterul $ în fata literei coloanei si a numarului liniei. De exemplu $C$7. Referintele absolute se folosesc în formulele în care se doreste adresarea la o anumita celula indiferent de locul unde este plasata formula printr-o copiere. • Referintele relative sunt cele de forma cunoscuta, litera coloanei si numarul rândului. De exemplu C7. Se folosesc în aceasta forma într-o formula atunci când se doreste referirea la adresele unor celule aflate într-o anumita pozitie fata de celula care contine formula si dupa copierea formulei. Prin copiere referintele relative se modifica în mod automat pastrându-se însa relatile pozitionale dintre ele.

• Referintele mixte sunt compuse din referinte absolute pentru o componenta si referinte relative pentru cealalta componenta. De exemplu, $C7 sau C$7.

În figura de mai jos, în celula E3 este scrisa o formula care contine o adresa absoluta, $A$1, si trei adrese relative: A3, B3, C3. Linia întrerupta care apare pe marginea celulei E3 arata ca celula este în curs de a fi copiata.

Rezultatul copieri este afisat în selectata E5. În bara de formule se observa ca adresa $A$1 a ramas neschimbata, pe când în celelalte adrese numarul de linie a crescut cu doua unitati conform pozitionari noilor celule fata de cele vechi.

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96 Microsoft Excel

Prezentam mai jos unele din principalele functi matematice din Excel însotite de un exemplu de utilizare. Lista tuturor functilor care se gasesc la categoria Math&Trig se afla în Anexa 1 – Excel.

Functia Exemplu de utilizare Rezultat

abs(x) =ABS(-1.5) 1.5 acos(x) =ACOS(1/2) 1.047198 asin(x) =ASIN(1/2) 0.523599 atan(x) =ATAN(1) 0.785398 combin(n;k) =COMBIN(5;2) 10 cos(x) =COS(30*PI()/180) 0.866025 cosh(x) =COSH(0) 1 degrees(radians) =DEGREES(PI()/180) 1 exp(x) =EXP(1) 2.718282 fact(n) =FACT(4) 24 ln(x) =LN(EXP(1) 1 log10(x) =LOG10(1000) 3 log(x;b) =LOG(9;3) 2 pi() =PI() 3.141593 power(x;p) =POWER(2;5) 32 product(x1,x2,.) =PRODUCT(5;6;10) 300 radians(angle) =RADIANS(180) 3.141593 sign(x) =SIGN(-7) -1 sin(x) =SIN(30*PI()/180) 0.5 sqrt(x) =SQRT(25) 2 tan(x) =TAN(45*PI()/180) 1

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